Introduction Sodium benzoate is a widely used preservative (E211) in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its antimicrobial properties. It is the sodium salt of benzoic acid and is commonly estimated using various analytical techniques such as titration, spectrophotometry, and chromatography to ensure its correct concentration in products. Principle of Estimation The estimation of … Read more
Introduction Alkalimetry, a type of volumetric analysis, determines the concentration of an alkaline (basic) substance by titrating it with a standard acid solution. Laboratories, pharmaceutical companies, food manufacturers, and water testing labs widely use this method to accurately quantify alkaline substances. Principle of Alkalimetry Alkalimetry is based on a neutralization reaction, where a base reacts … Read more
Introduction Acidimetry, a branch of volumetric analysis, determines the concentration of acidic substances in a solution by titrating with a standard base. Laboratories, industries, and pharmaceutical analysis commonly apply this method to quantify acidic content in various samples. Principle of Acidimetry The principle of acidimetry is based on a neutralization reaction, where an acid reacts … Read more
Introduction A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute (a solid, liquid, or gas) to form a solution. It is usually present in a larger amount than the solute. Key Characteristics of a Solvent: Types of Solvents Used in Non-Aqueous Titration Solvents used in non-aqueous titration are classified into four major categories: 1. Aprotic … Read more
Introduction Non-aqueous titration is a specialized analytical technique used for the titration of weak acids and weak bases that do not dissolve or ionize well in water. This method employs non-aqueous solvents to enhance the strength of analytes, ensuring precise and accurate titration. It is widely applied in pharmaceutical and chemical industries for the analysis … Read more
Introduction Sodium chloride (NaCl) is crucial in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, food, water analysis, and chemical industries. Its estimation is commonly performed using precipitation titration methods such as Mohr’s, Volhard’s, or Fajan’s methods. These methods involve titration of chloride ions (Cl−) with silver nitrate (AgNO3), forming a precipitate of silver chloride (AgCl). Methods for … Read more
Introduction Fajan’s Method is a precipitation titration technique that uses adsorption indicators to detect the endpoint. Use it primarily for the determination of halide ions (Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻) and other anions by direct titration with silver nitrate (AgNO₃). This method is unique because it relies on the adsorption of an indicator onto the surface of … Read more
Introduction The Modified Volhard’s Method is an adaptation of the classical Volhard’s Method, used for the determination of chloride (Cl⁻), bromide (Br⁻), and iodide (I⁻) ions. This modification eliminates the need for filtration by using a protective colloid (e.g., nitrobenzene, dextrin, or ferric salts) to prevent the re-dissolution of precipitated silver halides (AgCl, AgBr, AgI). … Read more
Introduction Volhard’s method is a back titration technique used for the determination of chloride (Cl⁻), bromide (Br⁻), and iodide (I⁻) ions. It employs silver nitrate (AgNO₃) as a titrant to precipitate the halide ions, and the unreacted silver ions are then titrated with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) using ferric ammonium sulfate as an indicator. This method … Read more
Introduction Mohr’s method is a classical argentometric precipitation titration used for the quantitative determination of chloride (Cl⁻) and bromide (Br⁻) ions using silver nitrate (AgNO₃) as a titrant. Potassium chromate (K₂CrO₄) acts as an indicator, which helps detect the endpoint by forming a reddish-brown precipitate of silver chromate (Ag₂CrO₄). Principle of Mohr’s Method Mohr’s method … Read more
