Paper Chromatography: Introduction, methodology, development techniques, advantages, disadvantages and applications.

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Introduction Paper chromatography is a simple and effective analytical technique used to separate and identify mixtures of substances. This method is classified under partition chromatography, where separation occurs based on the differential partitioning of solutes between a mobile phase (solvent) and a stationary phase (paper). It was first introduced in the early 20th century and … Read more

Thin Layer Chromatography: Definition, Principle, Methodology, Types and Applications

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Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is a simple, quick, and cost-effective method used for separating and identifying compounds in a mixture. It is widely used in laboratories for qualitative analysis, especially in the fields of chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacy. TLC helps to determine the purity of substances and monitor the progress of reactions. Principle of TLC … Read more

Partition Column Chromatography: Adsorption chromatography: Definition, Principle, Methodology, Types and Applications

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Partition column chromatography is a type of liquid-liquid chromatography where separation is based on the partitioning of components between two immiscible liquid phases—one as the stationary phase and the other as the mobile phase. This technique is commonly used for separating mixtures of compounds with varying solubilities and plays an important role in pharmaceutical, biochemical, … Read more

Adsorption chromatography: Adsorption chromatography: Definition, Principle, Methodology, Types and Applications

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Adsorption chromatography is a separation technique based on the differential adsorption of compounds onto a solid stationary phase. It is widely used to purify and separate chemical compounds based on their interaction with the adsorbent material. The process relies on the principle that different molecules have varying degrees of affinity to the surface of a … Read more

Ion Exchange Chromatography (IEC): Introduction, Principle, Classification, Mechanism, Factor affecting, and Applications

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Introduction Ion Exchange Chromatography (IEC) is a powerful and versatile separation technique primarily used to purify proteins, peptides, amino acids, and other charged biomolecules based on their ionic charge. It separates molecules by their affinity to charged ion-exchange resins in the stationary phase. This technique is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, biochemical research, water … Read more

Gel Chromatography: Introduction, Theory, Instrumentation, and Applications

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Gel chromatography, also known as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), is a separation technique used primarily for separating molecules based on their size. It is widely used for purifying proteins, polysaccharides, and other macromolecules. In this technique, molecules are separated as they pass through a column filled with porous gel beads, and larger molecules elute (exit) from … Read more

Affinity Chromatography: Introduction, Theory, Types, Instrumentation and applications

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Introduction to Affinity Chromatography Affinity chromatography is a type of liquid chromatography used for the separation, purification, or specific analysis of sample components. It is based on the principle of affinity, which refers to reversible biological interactions or molecular recognition between two molecules, typically an analyte and a ligand. These interactions are driven by the … Read more

To prepare and submit benzotriazole from o-phenylenediamine and calculate itspercentage yield.

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To prepare barbituric acid from urea and dimethyl malonate

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Greetings, fellow learners! We’re thrilled to share a valuable educational resource with you. Our latest download is designed to enhance your understanding and proficiency in To prepare barbituric acid from urea and dimethyl malonate. Whether you’re a student, educator, or lifelong learner, this resource is tailored to empower you on your educational journey. Why Download? … Read more

To prepare and submit Phenothiazine from Diphenyl amine and calculate its percentage yield

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Greetings, fellow learners! We’re thrilled to share a valuable educational resource with you. Our latest download is designed to enhance your understanding and proficiency in To prepare and submit Phenothiazine from Diphenyl amine and calculate its percentage yield Whether you’re a student, educator, or lifelong learner, this resource is tailored to empower you on your … Read more

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