Introduction
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects children but can also occur in unvaccinated adults. Caused by the measles virus (a paramyxovirus), it spreads through respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes. Despite global vaccination efforts, measles outbreaks still occur, posing significant public health challenges. This article provides an in-depth look at measles infection, covering its causes, symptoms, complications, prevention, and treatment options.
Causes and Transmission
Measles is caused by the Measles Morbillivirus, which belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family. It is one of the most contagious viruses known to humans. The infection spreads through respiratory secretions, including droplets from coughing, sneezing, or direct contact with an infected person. The virus can remain active in the air or on surfaces for up to two hours, making transmission highly efficient in crowded or poorly ventilated areas.
Symptoms of Measles
Measles symptoms generally appear 7 to 14 days after exposure to the virus and progress through different stages:
- Early Symptoms (Prodromal Stage):
- High fever (often above 104°F or 40°C)
- Cough
- Runny nose (coryza)
- Red, watery eyes (conjunctivitis)
- Fatigue and body aches
- Koplik’s Spots (diagnostic feature):
- Tiny white spots with bluish-white centers appear inside the mouth, usually on the inner cheek lining, a few days before the rash develops.
- Measles Rash (Exanthem Stage):
- A red, blotchy rash appears 3 to 5 days after initial symptoms.
- It starts on the face and spreads downward to the neck, trunk, arms, and legs.
- The rash may last 5 to 6 days before fading.
- Recovery Stage:
- The fever subsides, and the rash gradually fades, often leaving a brownish discoloration or peeling skin.
Complications of Measles
While most people recover fully, measles infection can cause serious complications, particularly in young children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals. Common complications include:
- Pneumonia (leading cause of measles-related deaths)
- Ear infections (can cause permanent hearing loss)
- Diarrhea and dehydration
- Encephalitis (brain inflammation, which can lead to seizures, cognitive impairment, or death)
- Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) (a rare but fatal neurological disorder that can develop years after measles infection)
Diagnosis of Measles
Measles is diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and laboratory tests, including:
- Serology tests to detect IgM and IgG antibodies against the measles virus
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing to confirm the presence of measles RNA
- Viral culture, although less commonly used
Prevention of Measles
The most effective way to prevent measles infection is through vaccination. The Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine provides lifelong immunity and is typically given in two doses:
- First dose: At 12-15 months of age
- Second dose: At 4-6 years of age
Other preventive measures include:
- Avoiding contact with infected individuals
- Maintaining good hygiene, such as handwashing and wearing masks in outbreak areas
- Isolation of infected patients to prevent further transmission
Treatment of Measles
There is no specific antiviral treatment for measles. Supportive care is essential to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.
- Fever and pain relief: Acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen
- Hydration: Encouraging fluids to prevent dehydration
- Vitamin A supplementation: Reduces severity and risk of complications, especially in children
- Antibiotics: Prescribed only if a secondary bacterial infection, such as pneumonia or an ear infection, occurs
Global Efforts to Eradicate Measles
The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have been working towards global measles infection elimination through vaccination programs. Despite significant progress, measles remains a challenge in regions with low vaccine coverage, making continued public health efforts critical.
Conclusion
Measles infection is a preventable but potentially severe viral infection. Vaccination remains the most effective strategy to control its spread and protect communities. Awareness, early detection, and appropriate medical care are essential in reducing measles-related morbidity and mortality. Governments and healthcare organizations must continue advocating for high vaccination coverage to achieve global measles eradication.