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Paper Chromatography: Introduction, methodology, development techniques, advantages, disadvantages and applications.

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Introduction Paper chromatography is a simple and effective analytical technique used to separate and identify mixtures of substances. This method is classified under partition chromatography, where separation occurs based on the differential partitioning of solutes between a mobile phase (solvent) and a stationary phase (paper). It was first introduced in the early 20th century and … Read more

Thin Layer Chromatography: Definition, Principle, Methodology, Types and Applications

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Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is a simple, quick, and cost-effective method used for separating and identifying compounds in a mixture. It is widely used in laboratories for qualitative analysis, especially in the fields of chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacy. TLC helps to determine the purity of substances and monitor the progress of reactions. Principle of TLC … Read more

Partition Column Chromatography: Adsorption chromatography: Definition, Principle, Methodology, Types and Applications

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Partition column chromatography is a type of liquid-liquid chromatography where separation is based on the partitioning of components between two immiscible liquid phases—one as the stationary phase and the other as the mobile phase. This technique is commonly used for separating mixtures of compounds with varying solubilities and plays an important role in pharmaceutical, biochemical, … Read more

Adsorption chromatography: Adsorption chromatography: Definition, Principle, Methodology, Types and Applications

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Adsorption chromatography is a separation technique based on the differential adsorption of compounds onto a solid stationary phase. It is widely used to purify and separate chemical compounds based on their interaction with the adsorbent material. The process relies on the principle that different molecules have varying degrees of affinity to the surface of a … Read more

Gel Chromatography: Introduction, Theory, Instrumentation, and Applications

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Gel chromatography, also known as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), is a separation technique used primarily for separating molecules based on their size. It is widely used for purifying proteins, polysaccharides, and other macromolecules. In this technique, molecules are separated as they pass through a column filled with porous gel beads, and larger molecules elute (exit) from … Read more

Affinity Chromatography: Introduction, Theory, Types, Instrumentation and applications

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Introduction to Affinity Chromatography Affinity chromatography is a type of liquid chromatography used for the separation, purification, or specific analysis of sample components. It is based on the principle of affinity, which refers to reversible biological interactions or molecular recognition between two molecules, typically an analyte and a ligand. These interactions are driven by the … Read more

Vaginal route: Definition, Advantages and disadvantages

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The vaginal route of drug administration involves the introduction of medications into the vagina. This route is mainly used for gynecological and reproductive health purposes and has specific advantages and disadvantages. Here are the key points related to the vaginal route of drug administration: Advantages 1. Local and Systemic Therapy: The vaginal route can be … Read more

Rectal route: Definition, Advantages and disadvantages

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The rectal route of drug administration involves the insertion of medications into the rectum, typically in the form of suppositories or enemas. This route has its advantages and disadvantages and is used for various clinical purposes. Here are the key points related to the rectal route of drug administration: Advantages: 1. Bypass First-Pass Metabolism: Rectal … Read more

Inhalation route: Definition, Advantages, and disadvantages

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The inhalation route of drug administration involves the introduction of medications directly into the respiratory system, typically via inhalation devices or nebulizers. This route is used primarily for respiratory medications but can also be employed for systemic drug delivery in some cases. Here are the key points related to the inhalation route of drug administration: … Read more

Transdermal route: Definition, Advantages and Disadvantages

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The transdermal drug administration route involves applying medications in the form of patches or topical preparations directly onto the skin’s surface. The drugs are absorbed through the skin and into the bloodstream, providing a controlled, steady release of the medication. This route offers several advantages and disadvantages, making it particularly useful for specific types of … Read more

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