B. pharma

Tricyclic ring system or phenothiazines  

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1. Promethazine HCl (Phenargen) Promethazine HCl is a versatile medication within the phenothiazine class, acclaimed for its multifaceted pharmacological properties. As an antagonist at H1 histamine receptors, it effectively mitigates allergic symptoms, while its antimuscarinic actions contribute to potent antiemetic effects. Widely utilized to alleviate symptoms ranging from allergic reactions to motion sickness and nausea, promethazine … Read more

Unsaturated analogues

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Triprolidine (Actidil) Introduction Triprolidine is a widely utilized antihistamine known for its effectiveness in alleviating symptoms associated with allergic reactions. Functioning as an H1 receptor antagonist. Primarily used in treating allergic rhinitis, hay fever, and cold symptoms, triprolidine is commonly administered orally in tablet or syrup form. Structure Synthesis Mechanism of action Triprolidine is an H1 … Read more

Chlorpheniramine HCl (Piriton, Alermine)

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Chlorpheniramine HCl is a widely used antihistamine renowned for its effectiveness in providing relief from symptoms associated with allergic reactions. Functioning as an antagonist at the H1 histamine receptors, it effectively mitigates manifestations such as itching, sneezing, and a runny nose. Commonly employed in treating allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and symptoms related to the common … Read more

Monoamino propylamine derivatives

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Monoamino propylamine derivatives” refers to a group of chemical compounds derived from monoamino propylamine. This group includes compounds with a structural basis similar to monoamino propylamine, but they undergo chemical modifications to yield diverse derivatives. Saturated analogues Pheniramine Maleate (Avil, Polarmine) Introduction Pheniramine maleate is an antihistamine widely recognized for its efficacy in providing relief from … Read more

Meclizine

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Introduction Meclizine is a widely used antihistamine known for its efficacy in preventing and alleviating symptoms associated with motion sickness. As an H1 receptor antagonist, it blocks the effects of histamine, providing relief from nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Meclizine’s additional antimuscarinic properties contribute to its effectiveness as an antiemetic. Structure Synthesis Mechanism of action Meclizine’s … Read more

Chlorcyclizine (Diparalene)

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Introduction Chlorcyclizine is a piperazine-class antihistamine with antiemetic properties commonly utilized to prevent and relieve nausea and vomiting, particularly in the context of motion sickness. With its mechanism of action as an H1 receptor antagonist, it not only mitigates the effects of histamine but also exhibits antimuscarinic properties, contributing to its effectiveness in managing motion-induced … Read more

PIPERAZINES DERIVATIVES

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Piperazine derivatives” refers to a group of chemical compounds that share the basic structural framework of piperazine. Piperazine is a heterocyclic organic compound containing two nitrogen atoms in a six-membered ring. Derivatives of piperazine can be synthesized by modifying this basic structure through various chemical reactions. Cyclizine (Marezine) Cyclizine is an antihistamine medication that belongs to … Read more

Diphenylpyraline (Diaben)

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Introduction: Diphenylpyraline is an antihistamine used to relieve allergy symptoms. As a first-generation antihistamine, it works by blocking the effects of histamine at the H1 receptors, providing relief from symptoms such as itching, sneezing, and runny nose associated with allergic reactions. Diphenylpyraline may also have sedative effects due to its ability to cross the blood-brain … Read more

Clemastine

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Introduction Clemastine fumarate is a white crystalline powder, very slightly soluble in water slightly soluble in alcohol, and methanol. It has two chiral centers, each of which is (R) absolute configuration. A comparison of the activities of the antipodes indicates that the asymmetric center close to the side chain of nitrogen is of lesser importance … Read more

Carbinoxamine

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Carbinoxamine is an antihistamine that is commonly used to alleviate symptoms associated with allergies, such as sneezing, itching, and runny nose. It belongs to the first-generation antihistamine class and works by blocking the effects of histamine at the H1 receptors. Structure Synthesis Mechanism of action Uses: Side Effects: Formulation: Carbinoxamine is available in various formulations, … Read more

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