The route of drug administration refers to how a medication is introduced into the body. Different routes have distinct advantages and disadvantages, which are considered when selecting the most appropriate method for a particular drug or patient. Here’s an overview of various routes of drug administration and their respective pros and cons: The oral route … Read more
Introduction The concept of essential drugs is a fundamental principle in public health and healthcare systems globally. It revolves around the identification, promotion, and accessibility of a limited selection of necessary medications that meet the priority healthcare needs of the population. This comprehensive overview delves into the essential drug concept, its origins, principles, and implications … Read more
Introduction In pharmacology, drugs are substances used to diagnose, treat, mitigate, or prevent diseases. Understanding the nature and sources of drugs is crucial for pharmacologists, clinicians, and researchers to pursue effective and safe therapeutic interventions. This comprehensive exploration delves into the diverse nature of drugs and their origins. Nature of Drugs 1. Chemical Diversity Drugs … Read more
Definition The term “pharmacology” is derived from two Greek words: “pharmakon,” meaning drug or medicine, and “logos,” meaning study or knowledge. Pharmacology is the branch of biomedical science that deals with the study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms. It encompasses a wide range of topics, from the identification and characterization of pharmacologically … Read more
The heart is a vital organ responsible for pumping blood and ensuring the delivery of oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Various disorders can affect the heart’s structure and function, leading to serious health issues. Here’s a detailed exploration of common heart disorders: 1. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Description: Atherosclerosis, the accumulation of plaque in … Read more
An electrocardiogram, commonly referred to as an ECG or EKG (from the German “Elektrokardiogramm”), is a non-invasive medical test that records the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time. It is a vital tool for diagnosing and monitoring various heart conditions. Here’s a comprehensive overview of the ECG: 1. The Heart’s Electrical … Read more
Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps it around the body. Maintaining normal blood pressure is crucial for overall health, as high blood pressure (hypertension) can lead to various cardiovascular problems. Here’s a detailed note on how blood pressure is regulated: 1. The Cardiovascular … Read more
Cardiac output and the cardiac cycle are fundamental concepts in cardiovascular physiology, describing how the heart functions to pump blood throughout the body. Understanding these processes is crucial for assessing heart health and overall circulatory function. Here’s a detailed note on cardiac output and the cardiac cycle: Cardiac Output (CO) – Cardiac output is the … Read more
The heartbeat is regulated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which maintains the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on the heart. This balance ensures that the heart rate and rhythm meet the body’s immediate needs, whether it’s the “fight or flight” response or the “rest and digest” state. Here’s a detailed note on how … Read more
The heartbeat is a vital physiological function driven by the cardiac conduction system, a specialized network of cells and tissues in the heart. This system initiates and coordinates the electrical signals responsible for the rhythmic contractions of the heart muscle. Here’s a detailed note on the elements of the cardiac conduction system and the heartbeat: … Read more
