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The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a dosage form as follows: “A pharmaceutical product, in the form in which it is presented for use, containing one or more active ingredients usually mixed with excipients.” In pharmaceuticals, manufacturers create a dosage form as a unique means of preparing medicine for patients. The design aims to guarantee … Read more
Special sensory systems provide humans with more complex and specific environmental information. Unlike general senses, which include touch and pain, special senses are responsible for distinct, highly specialized functions. There are five primary special senses: 1. Vision (Sight): The sense of vision allows individuals to perceive their surroundings through light detection. The eyes, which contain … Read more
(A). Reactions of -OH group: 1. Formation of Salts: Phenol is acidic. It reacts with sodium hydroxide or sodium metal to form salts. 2. Reaction with FeCl3: Phenol, when exposed to a neutral FeCl3 solution, produces a soluble violet-coloured complex in water. 3. Formation of Esters: Phenol reacts with acid chlorides in an aqueous alkali … Read more
Structure: Its IUPAC name is 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane. Its molecular formula is C6H6 Cl6. Properties: BHC is a white, crystalline solid with no water solubility and is variable. Solubility in organic solvents. It is mostly soluble in halogenated solvents like chloroform, less. Soluble in esters and hydrocarbons and very less soluble in short-chain alcohols. Uses of BHC:
The Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction involves adding an acyl group to an aromatic ring. Typically, this is done by employing an acid chloride (R-(C=O)-Cl) and a Lewis acid catalyst such as AlCl3. The aromatic ring is transformed into a ketone in a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction. The reaction between benzene and acyl chloride under these conditions is … Read more
The nitration of benzene is a chemical process where benzene undergoes a reaction with concentrated nitric acid at temperatures ranging from 323 to 333 K, facilitated by the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. This reaction leads to the formation of nitrobenzene and is commonly referred to as the nitration of benzene. Here is a step-by-step … Read more
Introduction: The transition from the present state to a Universal Human Order can be a complex and challenging process that requires careful planning and execution. The transition from the present state to a Universal Human Order requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach that involves raising awareness and educating people, building partnerships and networks, developing policies, … Read more
Definition Anatomy and physiology are two closely related branches of biological science that collectively explore the structure and function of living organisms. These disciplines provide a fundamental understanding of how organisms are structured and how they operate at the cellular, tissue, organ, and system levels. Anatomy Anatomy is the study of the structure of living … Read more
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