In cyclohexane, a common cyclic hydrocarbon, two types of hydrogens are present due to the chair conformation of the molecule: axial hydrogens and equatorial hydrogens. 1. Axial Hydrogens: Axial hydrogens are those oriented vertically concerning the plane of the cyclohexane ring. They project either upwards or downwards from the carbon atoms of the ring. These … Read more
Coulson and Moffitt’s modification, also known as the bent bond or banana bond model, is a theoretical concept proposed in organic chemistry to explain the stability of certain strained molecules, particularly cycloalkanes. This model builds upon the traditional understanding of bond angles and hybridization to more accurately describe the bonding in cyclic compounds. In the … Read more
Introduction: Sachse and Mohr (1918) argued that cycloalkanes beyond cyclopentane could be stable if all the ring carbons were not constrained to lie in a single plane, as previously believed by Baeyer. This would result in a ring structure that is free of strain and, thus, more stable. Sachse-Mohr’s “Strainless Rings” concept is a theoretical … Read more
Adolf von Baeyer, a German chemist and a Nobel prize winner from the University of Munich, Germany, in 1885, proposed a theory to explain the relative stability of the first few cycloalkanes. According to this theory, the strain energy in a cycloalkane is directly related to the angle strain and torsional strain present in the … Read more
A stable organic compound means it is much less reactive. By the term stability, we get an idea about the chemical reactivity of a compound. Cycloalkanes are cyclic hydrocarbons where the carbon atoms form a closed ring structure. The stability of cycloalkanes is primarily determined by the amount of strain present in the ring. Three … Read more
Cycloalkanes are a class of hydrocarbons with a circular arrangement of carbon atoms. Due to the cyclic structure, these compounds possess a certain degree of strain, which affects their chemical properties. While cycloalkanes display lower reactivity than their open-chain counterparts, they can still partake in various chemical reactions. 1. Halogenation in the presence of UV … Read more
Several methods for preparing cycloalkanes are tailored to the specific starting materials and desired products. Here are some common methods: 1. From Di-halogen Compounds: Suitable 1,3 or 1,4 di-halogen alkanes react with sodium or zinc to form cycloalkanes. 2. From Aromatic Compounds: Benzene can be converted into cyclohexane through catalytic hydrogenation at high temperature and … Read more
Cycloalkanes are a class of organic compounds characterized by one or more carbon-carbon single bonds arranged in a closed ring or cyclic structure. They are a subset of alkanes, saturated hydrocarbons consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded together via single bonds. The general formula for cycloalkanes is (CnH2n), where n represents the number of … Read more
Pediatric dose calculations based on body surface area (BSA) are particularly important for medications with a narrow therapeutic index or when dealing with older children and adolescents. Here are formulas and examples: Body Surface Area (BSA) Dosing Formula (Mosteller): Example: Calculation: If a child has a height of 120 cm and a weight of 22 … Read more
Pediatric dose calculations based on body weight are crucial for ensuring accurate and safe medication administration. Here are formulas and examples: Weight-Based Dosing 1. Formula: Dose= Weight × Dose per kg 2. Examples: Infants (0-1 year): Prescribe an antibiotic at 20 mg/kg for an infant weighing 7 kg, and the calculation results in 140 mg … Read more
