Blood grouping is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of certain antigens on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The two most important blood group systems are the ABO system and the Rh system. Understanding blood grouping is essential in various medical and transfusion-related scenarios to ensure safe blood transfusions … Read more
Blood coagulation, or clotting, is a complex and tightly regulated physiological mechanism that prevents excessive bleeding following vascular injury. It involves a series of sequential and interrelated reactions that ultimately lead to the formation of a blood clot. The coagulation process can be divided into three main pathways: intrinsic, extrinsic, and common. Here’s a detailed … Read more
Aromatic acids are compounds where one or more carboxyl groups (-COOH) are attached to the aromatic ring. They are named by the common system as derivatives of parent benzoic acid. Aromatic carboxylic acids are of two types. i. Those in which the carboxyl group is attached directly to the aromatic nucleus. ii. Those in which … Read more
📢 Attention AKTU B.Pharm 1st Year and 2nd year studen Students! 📢 Get ready to mark your calendars because the tentative exam date schedule for your upcoming exams has been released! It’s time to start gearing up for your examinations and ensure you’re well-prepared to ace them. AKTU B.pharma 1st and 2nd year: Tentative Exam … Read more
Aryl diazonium salts are prepared by reacting an aromatic primary amine with nitrous acid at a temperature between 0-5 oC. Diazonium salts are very useful intermediates in the synthesis of a number of aromatic compounds. Some of them are as follows. 1. Replacement of Hydrogen: Synthesis of 1,3,5,-tribromobenzene 2. Replacement by halogen atom: Synthesis … Read more
The basicity of aromatic amines depends on the position and nature of the substituent on the benzene ring. The net effect of the electron density of nitrogen is determined by the ortho and para positions (not the meta position) of the group. The inductive effect (-I or +I) or resonance effect (-R or +R) of … Read more
Aromatic amines exhibit basicity due to the presence of the amino group (-NH2) attached to the benzene ring. This amino group can accept a proton (H⁺) to form an ammonium ion (NH3+). Bing is basic in nature; they react with acid to form salt. In aliphatic amines, the non-bonding electron pair of nitrogen is localized … Read more
Aromatic amines, which contain amino (-NH2) groups attached to a benzene ring, exhibit various chemical properties. Here are some key chemical properties of aromatic amines: 1. Formation of amides: When aromatic amines react with acyl chloride, they produce benzylamide with the formation of amide linkage. 2. Formation of salt: When an aromatic amine is treated … Read more
Aromatic amines, derivatives of benzene with amino (-NH2) functional groups, exhibit distinct physical properties. Here are some key physical properties of aromatic amines: 1. State at Room Temperature: – Aromatic amines are generally colourless liquids or solids at room temperature. – The state (solid or liquid) depends on factors such as molecular size, … Read more
Aromatic amines can be prepared through various methods. Here are some common methods for the synthesis of aromatic amines: 1. By Reduction of Nitro compounds: The reaction of nitrobenzene with H2 gas in the presence of a Ni/Pt catalyst results in the formation of aniline. 2. By Reduction of Nitriles: Aromatic nitriles yield aromatic amines … Read more
