(A). Reactions of -OH group: 1. Formation of Salts: Phenol is acidic. It reacts with sodium hydroxide or sodium metal to form salts. 2. Reaction with FeCl3: Phenol, when exposed to a neutral FeCl3 solution, produces a soluble violet-coloured complex in water. 3. Formation of Esters: Phenol reacts with acid chlorides in an aqueous alkali … Read more
Joint movements, also known as joint actions or articulations, refer to the various ways in which bones interact and move at the points where they meet. These movements are essential for a wide range of activities, from basic everyday tasks to complex athletic maneuvers. There are several types of joint movements, each with its own … Read more
A joint, also known as an articulation, is a structure in the body where two or more bones meet and interact. Joints play a crucial role in allowing movement, providing stability, and supporting various musculoskeletal system functions. They are classified into different types based on their structure and degree of mobility. Joints are fundamental components … Read more
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a specialized synapse or junction between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber (muscle cell). It is a crucial component of the neuromuscular system, where nerve signals are transmitted to muscles, ultimately leading to muscle contraction. Here’s a detailed note on the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction: Structure … Read more
Phenol, a versatile compound with applications in various industries, is synthesized through different methods. These methods are crucial in producing phenol on both laboratory and industrial scales. The following synthesis reactions to prepare phenol are given below. 1. Synthesis of Phenols from Haloarenes: Chlorobenzene, a representative haloarene, is obtained through the monosubstitution of the benzene … Read more
The integumentary system comprises several organs and structures that collectively form the body’s outer covering. The main components of the integumentary system include: 1. Skin (Cutaneous Membrane): – The largest organ of the body, the skin, consists of three main layers: the epidermis (outermost layer), the dermis (middle layer), and the subcutaneous tissue or … Read more
The integumentary system is the organ system that includes the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands. It is the body’s outermost covering and serves as a protective barrier against external factors such as pathogens, UV radiation, and physical injuries. The integumentary system has several key functions: 1. Protection: The skin acts as a protective barrier, … Read more
Muscle contraction is a complex physiological process that involves the activation of muscle fibers, resulting in the shortening of the muscle and the generation of force. It plays a fundamental role in various physiological functions, including movement, posture maintenance, and the regulation of many bodily processes. Here’s a detailed note on the physiology of muscle … Read more
Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscle tissue that comprise a significant portion of the human body’s musculature. They are responsible for walking, running, lifting, and maintaining posture. Skeletal muscle tissue is organized hierarchically, with multiple levels of organization, from the whole muscle down to individual muscle fibers. 1. Whole Muscle: – At the highest level … Read more
The skeletal system can be divided into two major components: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. Each of these components comprises a set of bones with distinct features and functions. Here’s a detailed note on the salient features and functions of the bones of the axial and appendicular skeletal systems: Axial Skeleton: The axial … Read more
