A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton. It provides structural support, protects internal organs, facilitates movement, stores minerals, and serves as a site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis) in the bone marrow. Bones are primarily composed of mineralized connective tissue, mainly calcium phosphate and collagen fibers, which give them … Read more
The skeletal system is a complex structure in the human body that provides support, protection and facilitates movement. It is divided into two main divisions: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. These divisions help organize and describe the bones of the human skeleton. 1. Axial Skeleton: The axial skeleton is the central portion of … Read more
The skin, also known as the integumentary system, is the largest organ in the human body. It is a protective barrier between the internal organs and the external environment. The skin has several layers, each with specific functions. Here’s a detailed note on the structure and functions of the skin: Structure of the Skin 1. … Read more
Qualitative tests for identifying the presence of phenol often involve specific reactions that highlight its characteristic properties. Here are the main common qualitative tests for phenol: Litmus test: Phenol turns blue, litmus paper red. This shows that phenol is acidic in nature. Carboxylic acid also gives this test. Compared to carboxylic acid, phenol is weakly … Read more
The acidity of carboxylic acids is generally attributed to the stability of the conjugate base (carboxylate ion) formed after the loss of a proton. In the case of picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol) and benzoic acid, the substituents on the aromatic ring play a crucial role in determining acidity. Here’s a comparison of picric acid and benzoic … Read more
The position of the substituent on the aromatic ring influences the acidity of substituted phenols. In the case of meta-nitrophenol (m-nitrophenol) and para-nitrophenol (p-nitrophenol), the nitro group (NO2) is the substituent. The key factor influencing acidity in substituted phenols is stabilizing the phenoxide ion formed during the deprotonation process. Let’s compare the acidity of m-nitrophenol … Read more
Introduction: The acidity of phenol is influenced by the nature and position of substituents on the aromatic ring. Substituents can either enhance or diminish the acidity of phenol. Here’s a breakdown of the effect of substituents on the acidity of phenol: 1. Electron-Withdrawing Substituents (EWS): Effect: Substituents such as nitro (NO2), carbonyl (COR), and sulfonyl … Read more
Introduction: Phenols are organic compounds containing a benzene ring bonded to a hydroxyl group. They are also known as carbolic acids. Phenols react with active metals like sodium and potassium to form phenoxide. This reaction of phenol with metals indicates its acidic nature. Compared to alcohols, phenols are more potent acids as the pKa value … Read more
Introduction: Phenol, or carbolic acid, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH. The molecule consists of a phenyl group (−C6H5) bonded to a hydroxy group (−OH). Phenol is a white crystalline solid at room temperature with a distinctive sweet and medicinal odor. It was one of the first antiseptics used in medicine and … Read more
Structure: Properties: Tosylchloramide, also known as chloramine-T, is a chlorinated and deprotonated sulfonamide used as a mild disinfectant. It is not stable in the water-dissolved form. Uses: 1. Disinfection in Water Treatment: Chloramine T is employed as a water disinfectant in water treatment processes, helping to control and eliminate harmful microorganisms. 2. Veterinary Antiseptic: Used … Read more
