Month: February 2024

Structure and uses of Saccharin

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Structure: IUPAC Name: 2H-1λ6,2-benzothiazol-1,1,3-trione Molecular Formula: C7H5NO3S Properties: Uses: 1. Food and Beverages: Saccharin is commonly used as a low-calorie artificial sweetener in various food and beverage products, providing sweetness without adding significant calories. 2. Tabletop Sweeteners: They are employed in tabletop sweeteners for individuals seeking a sugar-free or low-calorie alternative for sweetening drinks and … Read more

Tissue level of organization

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Tissue is a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function in the body. These cells are often organized into layers or clusters and share a common structure and function. Tissues are the building blocks of organs, and they play a fundamental role in the structure and function of multicellular organisms. … Read more

Structure and uses of BHC (Benzene Hexachloride)

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Structure: Its IUPAC name is 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane. Its molecular formula is C6H6 Cl6. Properties: BHC is a white, crystalline solid with no water solubility and is variable. Solubility in organic solvents. It is mostly soluble in halogenated solvents like chloroform, less. Soluble in esters and hydrocarbons and very less soluble in short-chain alcohols. Uses of BHC:

Structure and Uses of DDT (DiChloro Diphenyl Trichloro Ethane)

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DDT, or Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane, has a molecular formula of C14H9Cl5. The structure of DDT can be represented as follows: Structure: The IUPAC name of DDT is 1,1′-(2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(4-chlorobenzene). Its molecular formula is C14H9Cl5. Properties: DDT is a crystalline chemical compound which is colourless, tasteless, hydrophobic, odourless, and low water-soluble but shows good solubility in organic … Read more

Substituents and Effect of Substituents on Reactivity of Benzene

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Substituents An atom or group of atoms takes the place of another atom or group or occupies a specified molecule position. Substitution in Monosubstituted Benzene: All hydrogen atoms of the benzene ring are equivalent. Therefore, only one mono-substitution product(C6H5-G) is possible. A Second substituent can occupy any of the remaining five positions. 1. The positions … Read more

Orientation of mono-substituted benzene compounds towards electrophilic substitution reaction

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Theory of orientation: Orientation or directive effect can be explained by studying all the possible resonance structures of the sigma complex formed due to the electrophile at ortho, meta, and para positions for different types of monosubstituted benzene. a) Ortho-para directing groups which have an electron-releasing inductive effect (+I effect): For example, alkyl groups (-R) have … Read more

Friedel Crafts acylation: Reaction Mechanism and limitation

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The Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction involves adding an acyl group to an aromatic ring. Typically, this is done by employing an acid chloride (R-(C=O)-Cl) and a Lewis acid catalyst such as AlCl3. The aromatic ring is transformed into a ketone in a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction. The reaction between benzene and acyl chloride under these conditions is … Read more

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: Reactivity, Limitations

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Reactivity: Friedel-Crafts alkylation is a powerful method for introducing alkyl groups onto aromatic rings. The reaction involves the electrophilic substitution of a hydrogen atom on the aromatic ring with an alkyl group. The key steps include the generation of an alkyl cation as the electrophile and its subsequent attack on the aromatic ring. Lewis’s acid … Read more

Sulfonation of Benzene

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Sulfonation of benzene involves heating benzene with fuming sulfuric acid (H2SO4 + SO3) to yield benzenesulfonic acid. This reaction is reversible in nature. Here is the reaction with a concise explanation: Here is a step-by-step mechanism for the sulphonation of benzene: Step 1: Formation of electrophile Sulphur trioxide (SO3) reacts with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to … Read more

Nitration of Benzene

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The nitration of benzene is a chemical process where benzene undergoes a reaction with concentrated nitric acid at temperatures ranging from 323 to 333 K, facilitated by the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. This reaction leads to the formation of nitrobenzene and is commonly referred to as the nitration of benzene. Here is a step-by-step … Read more

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