Introduction Indicator electrodes are a crucial part of electrochemical analysis. They generate a potential in response to the concentration of a specific ion in solution. This potential is then measured against a reference electrode to determine the ion concentration or other chemical properties of the solution. Indicator electrodes are broadly classified into: 1. Metal Electrodes … Read more
Introduction A reference electrode is an essential component in electrochemical measurements, providing a stable and well-defined potential against which the potential of other electrodes can be measured. These electrodes do not participate in the reaction but serve as a reference point to compare the working electrode’s potential. The three most commonly used reference electrodes are: … Read more
Introduction An electrochemical cell is a device that generates electrical energy from chemical reactions or uses electrical energy to drive chemical reactions. These cells are fundamental in electrochemistry and have various applications in energy storage, corrosion studies, electroplating, and industrial processes. Electrochemical cells operate based on redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions, where electrons are transferred between chemical … Read more
Introduction Potentiometry is an electroanalytical technique used to measure the electrical potential (voltage) of an electrochemical cell without drawing any significant current. This method is widely used to determine the concentration of ions in a solution using ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), such as the pH electrode. Potentiometry is based on the Nernst equation, which relates the … Read more
Introduction Conductometry is an electroanalytical technique used to measure a solution’s electrical conductivity. It is based on the principle that ions in a solution carry an electric current, and the conductivity of the solution depends on the concentration and mobility of these ions. Conductometry is widely used in analytical chemistry to determine the concentration of … Read more
Introduction Electrochemical methods of analysis are techniques used to study chemical systems by measuring electrical parameters such as current, voltage, or charge. These methods are widely applied in various fields, including pharmaceutical analysis, environmental monitoring, biomedical research, and industrial applications. Electrochemical analysis is highly sensitive, selective, and capable of detecting trace amounts of substances. Basic … Read more
1. Introduction Titration with potassium iodate (KIO₃) is a type of redox titration where potassium iodate acts as an oxidizing agent and is used to determine the concentration of reducing agents in a sample. The method is based on the reaction between iodate ions (IO₃⁻) and a reducing agent, which leads to the liberation of … Read more
1. Introduction Dichrometry is a type of volumetric analysis based on the use of dichromate ions (Cr₂O₇²⁻) as the titrant in redox titrations. The dichromate ion is a strong oxidizing agent and is typically used to determine the concentration of reducing agents, particularly in acidic solutions. Dichrometry is commonly used in the determination of substances … Read more
1. Introduction to Bromometry Bromometry is a type of redox volumetric analysis that involves the use of bromine (Br₂) or bromine-containing compounds as titrants to determine the concentration of reducing agents in a solution. The titration involves the generation of bromine from an oxidizing agent, which is then titrated with a reducing agent, such as … Read more
1. Introduction to Iodometry Iodometry is a type of volumetric analysis that involves the determination of an oxidizing agent by titrating it with a standard solution of sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃). In an iodometric titration, iodine (I₂) is generated in situ by the reaction between an oxidizing agent and excess iodide ions. The iodine is then … Read more
