Structure: Properties: Tosylchloramide, also known as chloramine-T, is a chlorinated and deprotonated sulfonamide used as a mild disinfectant. It is not stable in the water-dissolved form. Uses: 1. Disinfection in Water Treatment: Chloramine T is employed as a water disinfectant in water treatment processes, helping to control and eliminate harmful microorganisms. 2. Veterinary Antiseptic: Used … Read more
Structure: IUPAC Name: 2H-1λ6,2-benzothiazol-1,1,3-trione Molecular Formula: C7H5NO3S Properties: Uses: 1. Food and Beverages: Saccharin is commonly used as a low-calorie artificial sweetener in various food and beverage products, providing sweetness without adding significant calories. 2. Tabletop Sweeteners: They are employed in tabletop sweeteners for individuals seeking a sugar-free or low-calorie alternative for sweetening drinks and … Read more
Structure: Its IUPAC name is 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane. Its molecular formula is C6H6 Cl6. Properties: BHC is a white, crystalline solid with no water solubility and is variable. Solubility in organic solvents. It is mostly soluble in halogenated solvents like chloroform, less. Soluble in esters and hydrocarbons and very less soluble in short-chain alcohols. Uses of BHC:
DDT, or Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane, has a molecular formula of C14H9Cl5. The structure of DDT can be represented as follows: Structure: The IUPAC name of DDT is 1,1′-(2,2,2-trichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(4-chlorobenzene). Its molecular formula is C14H9Cl5. Properties: DDT is a crystalline chemical compound which is colourless, tasteless, hydrophobic, odourless, and low water-soluble but shows good solubility in organic … Read more
Substituents An atom or group of atoms takes the place of another atom or group or occupies a specified molecule position. Substitution in Monosubstituted Benzene: All hydrogen atoms of the benzene ring are equivalent. Therefore, only one mono-substitution product(C6H5-G) is possible. A Second substituent can occupy any of the remaining five positions. 1. The positions … Read more
Theory of orientation: Orientation or directive effect can be explained by studying all the possible resonance structures of the sigma complex formed due to the electrophile at ortho, meta, and para positions for different types of monosubstituted benzene. a) Ortho-para directing groups which have an electron-releasing inductive effect (+I effect): For example, alkyl groups (-R) have … Read more
The Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction involves adding an acyl group to an aromatic ring. Typically, this is done by employing an acid chloride (R-(C=O)-Cl) and a Lewis acid catalyst such as AlCl3. The aromatic ring is transformed into a ketone in a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction. The reaction between benzene and acyl chloride under these conditions is … Read more
Reactivity: Friedel-Crafts alkylation is a powerful method for introducing alkyl groups onto aromatic rings. The reaction involves the electrophilic substitution of a hydrogen atom on the aromatic ring with an alkyl group. The key steps include the generation of an alkyl cation as the electrophile and its subsequent attack on the aromatic ring. Lewis’s acid … Read more
Sulfonation of benzene involves heating benzene with fuming sulfuric acid (H2SO4 + SO3) to yield benzenesulfonic acid. This reaction is reversible in nature. Here is the reaction with a concise explanation: Here is a step-by-step mechanism for the sulphonation of benzene: Step 1: Formation of electrophile Sulphur trioxide (SO3) reacts with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to … Read more
The iodination of benzene involves the substitution of a hydrogen atom on the benzene ring with an iodine atom through an electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reaction. Here is the reaction with a concise explanation: Here is a step-by-step mechanism for the iodination of benzene: Step 1: Formation of electrophile Iodine reacts with iodic acid (HIO3)to … Read more
