The ear is a complex organ responsible for hearing and balance. It consists of three main parts: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear, each with distinct structures and functions. Here’s a detailed note on the structure and functions of the ear: 1. Outer Ear The outer ear consists of the following … Read more
Spinal nerves and cranial nerves are components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that play distinct roles in transmitting sensory and motor information. They differ in their origins, locations, and functions. Here’s a detailed note on the origin and functions of spinal and cranial nerves: Spinal Nerves Origin: – Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal … Read more
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is a crucial component of the peripheral nervous system responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions. It consists of two main branches: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. These two systems have complementary roles and work in harmony to maintain homeostasis in the body. Here’s a detailed note … Read more
The nervous system is a complex and intricate network of cells, tissues, and organs that play a vital role in transmitting signals, coordinating bodily functions, and allowing organisms to respond to their environment. It is divided into two major components: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Here’s an overview of … Read more
The lymphatic system is a network of vessels, organs, and tissues that plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, filtering lymph, and supporting the immune system. Lymph circulation and the functions of the lymphatic system are closely interconnected to ensure overall health and well-being. Here’s a detailed note on these aspects: Lymph Circulation 1. … Read more
2 MARKS QUESTION 1) What are phenols? Give any three methods of preparation of phenol. Write a note on acidity of phenol. 2) What are phenols? Explain the reactions of phenol. Discuss the effect of substituent’s on acidity of phenol. 3) What are phenols? Give physical properties of it. 4) Give structure and uses of … Read more
Lymphatic vessels, commonly called lymphatics, are a crucial component of the lymphatic system, a network of tissues and organs responsible for maintaining fluid balance, filtering lymph, and supporting the immune system. Lymphatic vessels play a vital role in the circulation and transport of lymph throughout the body. Here’s a detailed note on lymphatic vessels: 1. … Read more
Aromatic carboxylic acids, such as benzoic acid, are stronger acids compared to aliphatic carboxylic acids like acetic acid. This is because benzoic acid has a pKa value of 4.2, which is slightly lower than that of acetic acid (pKa= 4.8). The carboxylic group in benzoic acid is attached to an sp2 hybridized carbon atom, which … Read more
Lymphatic Organs and Tissues The lymphatic system is a vital immune system component, playing a critical role in maintaining fluid balance, filtering harmful substances, and supporting immune responses. Lymphatic organs and tissues are distributed throughout the body, each with specific lymphocyte production, filtration, and immune surveillance functions. Here’s a detailed note on some of the … Read more
Aromatic acids (Carboxylic acids) undergo a variety of chemical reactions due to the presence of the carboxyl group (-COOH) in their structure. Some of the key reactions of carboxylic acids include: 1. Salt formation: When benzoic acid comes into contact with sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate, it reacts to produce sodium benzoate. 2. Esterification of … Read more
