The reticuloendothelial system, now more commonly called the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), is a network of cells and tissues throughout the body that plays a crucial role in the immune response and removing foreign substances from the bloodstream. It consists of cells known as mononuclear phagocytes, including monocytes and macrophages, as well as other specialized … Read more
Disorders of the blood, also known as hematological disorders, encompass a wide range of medical conditions that affect the blood, its components, or the organs involved in blood production and regulation. These disorders can impact the red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma, or the bone marrow. Some common blood disorders include: 1. Anemia … Read more
Aromatic acids are a class of organic compounds characterized by having a carboxylic acid functional group (-COOH) attached to an aromatic ring structure. The presence of the carboxylic acid group gives aromatic acids their characteristic acidic properties. Common examples of aromatic acids include benzoic acid, salicylic acid, and cinnamic acid. Physical properties of aromatic acids … Read more
Transfusion of Blood Blood transfusion is a medical procedure in which blood or components (such as red blood cells, plasma, platelets, or clotting factors) are administered to a patient to replace lost blood or its components, improve blood count, or treat specific medical conditions. It is a critical and life-saving intervention used in various medical … Read more
Carboxylic acids can be prepared through various methods, including: 1. Oxidation of Primary Alcohols or Aldehydes: Primary alcohols can be oxidized to carboxylic acids using oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) or chromium trioxide (CrO3) in acidic or alkaline conditions. Aldehydes can also be oxidized to carboxylic acids under similar conditions. 2. Oxidation of … Read more
Blood grouping is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of certain antigens on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The two most important blood group systems are the ABO system and the Rh system. Understanding blood grouping is essential in various medical and transfusion-related scenarios to ensure safe blood transfusions … Read more
Blood coagulation, or clotting, is a complex and tightly regulated physiological mechanism that prevents excessive bleeding following vascular injury. It involves a series of sequential and interrelated reactions that ultimately lead to the formation of a blood clot. The coagulation process can be divided into three main pathways: intrinsic, extrinsic, and common. Here’s a detailed … Read more
Aromatic acids are compounds where one or more carboxyl groups (-COOH) are attached to the aromatic ring. They are named by the common system as derivatives of parent benzoic acid. Aromatic carboxylic acids are of two types. i. Those in which the carboxyl group is attached directly to the aromatic nucleus. ii. Those in which … Read more
📢 Attention AKTU B.Pharm 1st Year and 2nd year studen Students! 📢 Get ready to mark your calendars because the tentative exam date schedule for your upcoming exams has been released! It’s time to start gearing up for your examinations and ensure you’re well-prepared to ace them. AKTU B.pharma 1st and 2nd year: Tentative Exam … Read more
Aryl diazonium salts are prepared by reacting an aromatic primary amine with nitrous acid at a temperature between 0-5 oC. Diazonium salts are very useful intermediates in the synthesis of a number of aromatic compounds. Some of them are as follows. 1. Replacement of Hydrogen: Synthesis of 1,3,5,-tribromobenzene 2. Replacement by halogen atom: Synthesis … Read more
