Penicillins are a class of antibiotics with a common core structure called the beta-lactam ring. This class of antibiotics is widely used to treat bacterial infections and is divided into several subclasses based on their spectrum of activity and chemical structure. Here is a classification of penicillins: I. Penicillinase-susceptible penicillins: The general impact on antibacterial … Read more
The Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) of penicillin reveals key insights into how modifications in its chemical structure affect its pharmacological properties. From variations in the 6-acyl side chain to the substitution patterns on the α-carbon and modifications of the thiazolidine ring, each alteration can significantly impact the antimicrobial activity, stability, and resistance profile of penicillin derivatives. … Read more
Chemical degradation of penicillins involves various reactions that can occur under different conditions, leading to the loss of their pharmacological activity. Here’s an overview: 1. Acid Hydrolysis: 2. Alkaline Hydrolysis: 3. Oxidation: 4. Epimerization: 5. Deacylation: 6. Photodegradation: 7. Thermal Degradation: 8. Polymerization: Chemical degradation of penicillins is a significant concern, as it can lead … Read more
Penicillin, the most important antibiotic, was first extracted from the mould Penicillium notatum. Subsequently, a mutant of a related mould, P. chrysogenum, was found to give the highest yield of penicillin and is employed for the commercial production of this antibiotic. Penicillin belongs to a group of antibiotics called β-lactam antibiotics. The basic structure of … Read more
Beta-lactam antibiotics are a class of antibiotics characterized by the presence of a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structure. This ring is crucial for its antibacterial activity as it interferes with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, ultimately leading to bacterial cell death. Beta-lactam antibiotics are generally well-tolerated but can cause allergic reactions in some … Read more
INTRODUCTION Antibiotics, also known as antimicrobial agents, are medications that destroy or slow down the growth of other species of microorganisms. They include a range of powerful drugs used to treat diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, etc. Or The term antibiotic originates in the word antibiosis (i.e. against life). Antibiotics are chemical substances obtained … Read more
The GPAT Exam 2024, administered by the National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences (NBEMS), is a national-level test for admission to Pharmacy (PG) courses. The official exam dates for GPAT 2024 have been announced on the NBEMS website – natboard.edu.in. Scheduled for June 8, 2024, the GPAT exam requires candidates to have completed their … Read more
Bioisosters are substituents or groups with similar physical or chemical properties that produce broadly similar biological properties to other chemical compounds. The relation between bioisosteres is known as bioisosterism In drug design, exchanging one bioisoster for another enhances a compound’s desired biological or physical properties without making significant changes in chemical structure. For example Bioisosters … Read more
Drug metabolism refers to the biochemical processes by which the body chemically modifies pharmaceutical compounds to make them more water-soluble and easier to eliminate from the body. Here’s a breakdown of drug metabolism: A. Purpose of Drug Metabolism: Drug metabolism serves several purposes in the body: B. Sites of Metabolism: C. Phases of Drug Metabolism: … Read more
Stereochemistry involves the study of the three-dimensional nature of molecules. It is the study of the chiral molecules. Conformational Isomers: Different arrangements of atoms that can be converted into one another by rotation about single bonds are called conformations. Rotation about bonds allows the inter-conversion of conformers. A classic example is acetylcholine, which can exist … Read more
